SONNET

The following methods have been used to explain the whole chapter-

1- By video

2- by notes

3- By question and answer

4- By practice

5 - by PDF

पूरे अध्याय को समझाने के लिए निम्न तरीको का प्रयोग किया गया है- 

१- वीडियो द्वारा 

२- नोट्स द्वारा 

३- प्रश्न एवं उत्तर  द्वारा 

४- अभ्यास द्वारा

५ - PDF द्वारा

1. VIDEO

समझने के लिये वीडियो जरूर देखें

2. NOTES

HISTORY

Earl of Surrey and Thomas Wyatt, both, are known as the “Fathers of English Sonnet”. Though they both translated Petrarchan Sonnets and applied French and Italian forms of the sonnet to English. Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the sonnet in English first, but Surrey took it to the culminating point. He beautified them with a rhyming meter and divided them into quatrains. However, we must not forget that Surrey developed the sonnet form from Wyatt. It had been on their innovation and footprints that Shakespeare and Elizabethans moved on. 

DEFINITION:

1.      The word sonnet is derived from the Italian word ‘sonneto’ which means a little sound or strain.

2.      It was invented in Sicily in the 13th century.

3.      It is a short lyric poem consisting of fourteen lines.

4.      Its meter is 'iambic pentameter' and each line has ten syllables.

THEMES OF SONNET

1.      The sonnet is often called a ‘love song’ as it helped the poet to express his/her personal emotion, especially related to the love theme.

2.      Earlier it was used to describe the beauty of the beloved or analyze the nature of the poet’s love.

3.      Ex: William Shakespeare’s sonnet “ True love ” and “ Time and love ”

4.      It later got developed in its form and was used by the poets for various themes like religion, patriotic, political, satiric ETC.

5.      Ex: John Milton’s “ On his blindness ”

TYPES OF SONNETS

1.      Italian or Petrarchan sonnet

2.      English or Shakespearean sonnet

3.      Spenserian sonnet

4.      Miltonic sonnet

PETRARCHAN SONNET (It is also known as Italian sonnet.)

1.      It is named after fourteenth-century Italian poet ‘Petrarch’.  He is known as ‘The father of Sonnet’.

2.      It consists of two parts: an octave and a sestet.

3.      Octave has first eight lines and in the octave, the poet asks questions, puts a problem, or states a difficulty.

4.      Sestet has the last six lines of a paragraph and in the sestet, the poet answers the question or solves the problem.

5.      Its rhyming scheme is abba, abba, cde, cde.

 SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET (it is also called English sonnet)

1.      It is named after the great Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare.

2.      It was developed by the Earl of Surrey.

3.      It is divided into two parts- quatrain and a couplet

4.      There are three quatrains and a couplet in the Shakespearean sonnet.

5.      Quatrain consists of four lines

6.      Couplet is of two lines.

7.      Its rhyming scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.                 

 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PETRARCHAN AND SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET

	PETRARCHAN SONNET	SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET
SIMILARITIES	Iambic pentameter	Iambic pentameter
	14 lines	14 lines
DIFFERENCES	Invented by Petrarch	Invented by the Earl of Surrey and later by Shakespeare.
	Brought to England by Wyatt.	developed & experimented by Earl of Surrey
	the rhyming scheme is abba, abba, cde, cde.	Its rhyming scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
	The theme is developed in octave by asking either question /problem/ difficulty. The answer is given in sestet.	The theme is developed in the first quatrain, with torments in the second and third quatrain. The answer is given in couples.

 SPENSERIAN SONNET

A Spenserian sonnet is a variation on the Shakespearean sonnet, with a more challenging rhyme scheme: abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee. Here, each quatrain is linked with the next quatrain by continuing rhym.

MILTONIC SONNET

“Miltonic” sonnets are an evolution of the Shakespearean sonnet. They often examined an internal struggle or conflict rather than themes of the material world, and sometimes they would stretch beyond traditional limits on rhyme or length.

EXAMPLES- Some examples of authors and their sonnets:

1.      Philip sidney’s “Astrophel and Stella”

2.      Edmund spenser’s “Amoretti”

3.      Wordsworth’s “The River Duddon”

4.      D.G. ROSSETTI's “House of life”

5.      E.B. browning’s “Sonnets from the Portuguese”

CONTRIBUTION OF SHAKESPEARE TO THE SONNET

Shakespeare wrote one hundred fifty-four (154) sonnets. He expressed his own sentiments and emotions. The themes of his sonnets were love, time, death, beauty etc. He used sonnet to express his passion, irritation, and love. He followed the format developed by the Earl of Surrey, i.e.-three quatrains and a couplet. He changed the rhyming scheme from abba, abba, cde, cde to abab, cdcd, efef, gg.

3. QUESTIONS-ANSWERS

 Q-1-What is a sonnet?

Sonnet is a short lyrical poem consisting of fourteen lines. the word 'sonnet' is derived from the Italian word 'Sonneto' which means a little sound. It is written in  'iambic pentameter' and each line has ten syllables. It expresses a single feeling or thought at one time, generally based on a love theme. it's two of the very famous types includes-

1.            Italian or Petrarchan sonnet

2.            English or Shakespearean sonnet

Q-2- describe Petrarchan sonnet.

Ans- The sonnet, written by the Italian poet Petrarch in the fourteenth century is famous as the Petrarchan sonnet. it is also called an Italian sonnet. All the fourteen lines are divided into two parts-

1. Octave- it is a group of the first 8 lines with abba, abba rhyming scheme. it is used to ask a question.

2. sestet- it is a group of the last six lines with 'cde, cde' rhyming scheme. It is used to answer the question.

Q3- what is a Shakespearean sonnet?

Ans- 1.  It is named after the great Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare. It was developed by the Earl of Surrey. It is divided into two parts-

1. quatrain- There are three quatrains in a Shakespearean sonnet and each quatrain has four lines. the rhyming scheme of quatrains is 'abab, cdcd, efef'.

2. Couplet- There is only one couplet in a Shakespearean sonnet.it has two lines. Its rhyme scheme is  'gg'.

Q-4- what are the similarities between the Petrarchan sonnet and Shakespearean sonnet?

Ans-

1. They both are written in iambic pentameter.

2. They both have 14 lines.

Q-5- What are the differences between the Petrarchan sonnet and Shakespearean sonnet?

Ans-

DIFFERENCES	PETRARCHAN SONNET	SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET
1	Invented by Petrarch	Invented by the Earl of Surrey and later by Shakespeare.
2		Brought to England by Earl of Surrey and Sir Thomas Wyatt.
3	the rhyming scheme is abba, abba, cde, cde.	Its rhyming scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
4	It is divided into two parts- an Octave and a sestet	It is divided into two parts- three quatrains and a couplet.
5	The theme is developed in octave by asking question/ problem /difficulty. the answer is given in sestet.	The theme is developed in the first quatrain, with torments in the second and third quatrain the answer is given in couplet.

 

Q-6- Give two kinds of sonnets.

Ans- sonnets are of two types

1-     Petrarchan sonnet-

a)      developed by Petrarch (Italian poet)

b)     It has an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines).

c)      rhyming scheme- abba, abba, cde, cde

2-      Shakespearean sonnet

a)      Developed by Shakespeare (an English Poet)

b)     It has three Quatrains (4 lines each) and a couplet (2 lines)

c)      Rhyming scheme- ababa, cdcd, efef, gg

4. EXERCISE

1.    How many lines are there in a sonnet?

2.    Write down the two types of the sonnet.

3.    Define Petrarchan Sonnet.

4.    Define Shakespearean Sonnet.

5.    Write the rhyming scheme of a Petrarchan Sonnet.

6.    Write the Rhyming scheme of Shakespearean Sonnet.

7.    What are the similarities between Petrarchan and Shakespearean Sonnet?

8.    What are the differences between Petrarchan and Shakespearean Sonnet?

9.    What is the other name of Petrarchan Sonnet?

10.What is the other name of Shakespearean Sonnet?

11.who bought Sonnet to England?

12.Who Started sonnet writing in England?

13.What is the format of the Petrarchan sonnet?

14.What is the format of the Shakespearean sonnet?

15.Petrarch belonged to which country?

16.Write the names of any three sonnets.

17.How many sonnets have been written by Shakespeare?

 5. PDF

 

ODE

                                         समझने के लिये वीडियो जरूर देखें

 

Definition

It is a form of lyrical poem and originated in ancient Greece.

The word ‘ode’ is taken from Greek word ‘aeidein’, which means ‘to sing’ or ‘to chant’

The Latin poet Pindar invented this form of Ode.It is generally used to celebrate victory; (often used to praise a leader or a work of art.)

It was sung by chorus in dramas during renaissance.

Qualities/features

It in ceremonial and formal in tone.

Odes were originally accompanied by music; lyrical in nature, but not very lengthy. 

Use of rich descriptive language

Today various styles have been adopted and various forms have been evolved in this category.

It has calm, elegant style.

Plenty of adjectives and verbs are used in it.

Repetition is a common element in odes.

Personification is also a used.

No set/fixed rhyming scheme is there.

TYPES OF ODE

Odes are of three types-

1.      Pindaric Ode

Pindaric odes were invnted by Greek poet Pindar (517-438 BCE)

It has three stanzas.

Two stanzas have same structure but the last stanza is written differently. For example- “the progress of poesy” by thomas gray

           Structure of Pindaric ode

                 i.          The strophe: In a Greek ode, it is the first section usually consists of two or more lines repeated as a unit.

                ii.          The antistrophe: This is the second section of Pindaric ode. This section of an ode is structured  like the first section.

               iii.          The epode: This section or stanza typically has a distinct meter and length from the strophe and antistrophe, and serves to summarize or conclude the ideas of the ode.

           Examples of Pindaric ode

                 i.          ‘The Bard’, ‘The Progress of Poesy’ and - by Thomas Grey

                ii.          ‘Ode to Fear- by Collins.

2.      Horatian Ode

                 i.          Raman poet Horace (65-8 BC)

                ii.          These poems are short and made up of around two quatrains.

               iii.          More than one stanza

               iv.          Same rhymic structure and meter

                v.          “ode to the confederate dead” by allen tate.​ 

          Examples of Horatian Ode

               i.          ‘Heroic Stanzas On The Death Of Cromwell’ and ‘ode on Solitude’- bt Dryden

             ii.           ‘Ode to Simplicity’ – by Collins

3.      Irregular (Cowleyan) Ode

               i.          It is invented by poet Abraham Cowley

             ii.           It does No pattern is followed

            iii.           There is no formal rhyme scheme in this kind of ode

            iv.           The poet takes the freedom to experiment with their verse.

              v.          “ode to an earthquake” by Ram Mehta.

            vi.           Examples of irregular ode

           vii.           Ode to the West Wind’- by Percy Bysshe Shelley

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ODE AND LYRIC

S.No.	ODE	LYRIC
1. 2. 3. 4.	Longer than lyric. It is based on abstract reality. Ode is written in impersonal manner. Ode is written after well planning and well thought.	Lyric is shorter than ode Lyric is full of moods and emotions. Lyric is personal is manner. Lyric is spontaneous.