NEW WORD FORMATION-CLIPPING

 Clipping- It is the process of word formation by dropping one or more syllables from a longer word or phrase with no change in meaning. Clippings are shortened forms of words.

 It can be done in three ways

Front Clipping-motorbike- bike (new word)

middle clipping-refrigerator= Fridge (new word)

back clipping-Gymnasium=Gym 

 

phone	telephone
bike	motorbike
burger	hamburger
cooker	pressure cooker
pen	fountain pen
plane	aeroplane
bus	omnibus
tie	neck-tie
van	caravan
pike	turnpike
mum	chrysanthemum

 

 

gym	gymnasium
cable	cablegram
pub	public house
exam	examination
specs	spectacles
veg	vegetarian
memo	memorandum
gas	gasoline
photo	photograph
cafe	cafeteria
lab	laboratory
ad	advertisement
lunch	luncheon
fan	fanatic
cab	cabriolet
zoo	zoological garden
sitcom	situation comedy
piano	pianoforte
pants	pantaloons
movie	moving picture
ag	agriculture
alum	alumna
bio	biology
auto	auto-mobile
disco	discotheque
chimp	chimpanzee
dad	daddy
fab	fabulous
mom	mommy
prep	preparatory
quad	quadrangle
frank	frankfurter
pug	pugnacious
math	mathematics
grad	graduate
limo	limousine
dorm	dormitory
sub	submarine
taxi	taxicab
teen	teenager
tux	tuxedo
typo	typographical error
co-op	cooperative
rhino	rhinoceros
stereo	stereophonics
stats	statistics
rev	revolution
cuke	cucumber
con	convict
store	storehouse
ref	referee
non-veg	non-vegetarian
vet	veterinary surgeon
sis	sister
vibes	vibrations
ID	identification

 

 

fridge	refrigerator
flu	influenza
script (for medicine)	Prescription

NEW WORD FORMATION-BLENDING

 Blending

It is the process of word formation by merging two or more words into one.

1.      education + entertainment=edutainment,

3.     oxygene + acide= oxide

4.    breakfast and lunch= brunch

5.     smoke+ fog= Smog,

6.    teleprinter + exchange → telex

7.     Red Bull + margarita → bullgarita

8.    fan + magazine → fanzine

9.    adorable + dork → adorkable

10. picture + dictionary → Pictionary

11.   binary + unit → bit

12.  beautiful + delicious → beaulicious

13.  breath + analyzer = breathalyzer

14. motor + hotel = motel

15.  motor + camp = mocamp

16. science + fiction = sci-fi 

17.  binary + digit = bit 

18. guess + estimate = guesstimate

19. fan + magazine = fanzine 

20.helicopter + airport = heliport 

21.  internal + communication = intercom 

22. slang + language = slanguage

23. aqua + aerobics = aquarobics 

24. entrepreneur + porn = entreporneur

25. boat + hotel = boatel

26.breakfast + lunch = brunch

27. modulator + demodulator = modem

28.smoke + fog = smog

29.Spanish + English = Spanglish

30.   ability + skill = askillity 

31.  departure + start = destarture 

32. enforcement + farce = enfarcement

33. alcohol + holiday = alcoholiday 

34. lithe + slimy = slithy 

35.  American + Indian = Amerind 

36.   car + barbecue = carbecue

37.  agitation+ propaganda= agitprop

38.   bat+mash=bash

39.   biography+picture=biopic

40.     breath+ analyzer= Breathalyzer

41. clap+crash=clash

42. documentary+drama= docudrama

NEW WORD FORMATION-COMPOUNDING

Compounding- It is the process of word formation by combining two words to form a new word.

1.      lockdown = lock + down

2.     greenhouse = green + house

3.     post-pandemic = post + pandemic

4.    farmland = farm + land

5.     peatlands = peat + land

6.    public-health = public + health

7.     low-carbon = low + carbon

8.    coronavirus = corona + virus

9.    ecosystems = eco + system

10. biodiversity = bio + diversity

11.   atmosphere = atmos + sphere

12.  biosphere = bios + sphere

13.  lithosphere = litho + sphere

14. cryosphere = cryo + sphere

15.  bookcase= Book+case

16. doorknob=Door+knob

17.  fingerprint=Finger+print

18. Sunburn=Sun+burn

19. Textbook=Text+book

20.Wallpaper=Wall+paper

21. Wastebasket=Waste+basket

22. Waterbed=Water+bed

23. Goodlooking=Good+looking

24. Low-paid=Low+paid

25. Fast-food=Fast+food

There are different types of compound words 

1. Noun + noun 
• Examples: master-piece, table-cloth, maid-servant, bread-winner, shoe-maker etc. 
2. Noun + gerund 
• Examples: wool-gathering, snake-charming, bull-baiting, sooth-saying etc. 
3. Noun + adjective 
• Examples: court-martial, knight-errant 
4. Gerund + noun 
• Examples: piping-hot, walking-stick, drawing-room, laughing-stock, skipping-rope etc. 
5. Adverb + noun 
• Examples: out-patient, over-load, fore-sight, under-tone, in-sight etc. 
6. Verb + noun 
• Examples: dare-devil, cut-throat, break-fast, spend-thrift, pass-port etc. 
7. Adjective + noun 
• Examples: short-hand, free-thinker, lay-man, hard-ware, strong-hold etc. 
8. Present participle + noun 
• Examples: humming-bird, flying-fish, loving-kindness etc. 
9. Pronoun + noun 
• Examples: he-goat 
10. Possessive noun + noun (In this case, the apostrophe is usually omitted) 
• Examples: sportsman, craftsman, statesman, hair’s-breadth, stone’s-throw 

NEW WORDS FORMATION

New Word Formation

Language serves as a communication tool. One of the unique characteristics of human language is "creativity," which refers to a native speaker's capacity to generate and comprehend new linguistic forms. When it comes to the history of the English language, the two main trends that have occurred since the Restoration have been an increase in vocabulary and a modification in word meaning. The need to give names to new inventions and discoveries, or to convey new concepts, perceptions, and meanings, will inevitably lead to the one.

We regularly add new words to our mental lexicon, demonstrating creativity in our lexical knowledge, even though it is most noticeable when it comes to sentence construction.
Language develops alongside knowledge. English has always demonstrated a willingness to adopt vocabulary from other languages and to create new words when those already in use are insufficient. The English language has expanded its vocabulary in a variety of ways and gained new terms. The process of adding new words to one's vocabulary does not constitute the only method. The creation of new words adds to the linguistic resources as well.

Vocabulary in a language is dynamic and there is always a scope for new words. New Word Formation means introducing a completely new word in a language.

Methods of forming new words

In a language, words are formed from the existing base words. and that can be done by any of the following methods-

1.      Affixation (Derivation)- Affixation is the process of forming new words by adding a letter/letters either before or at the end of a root word.

1. prefixes- adding word/words before a word.

Example- bi (prefix)+cycle (root)=bicycle (new word)

                Anti (prefix)+ Clock (root)= Anticlock (new word)

2. suffixes- Adding a word/words at the end of a word.

Example- love (root)+ly (suffix)= lovely (new word)

             Happy (root)+ness (suffix)=happiness (new word)

2.    Conversion- Conversion is the process of forming new words where words belonging to one part of speech are created from an existing word belonging to another part of speech without changes to pronunciation or spelling. It is also called zero derivation. This is because nothing is added, nothing is taken away. 

Example- Her name (noun) is Ritu.           -            They name (verb) their daughter Ritu.

                 Please, talk (verb) to me.          -             We had a good talk (noun).           

3.    Compounding- Compounding is the process of forming new words by combining two words with their meaning but the newly formed word has a completely different meaning.

Example- green (colour) + house (place to live in)= Greenhouse (a glass house to grow plants) 

                 Moon (satellite)  + walk (movement)= moonwalk (a technique of dance)

4.   Blending- Blending is the process of forming new words by merging two or more words into one and removing a few letters from the middle.

Example- smoke+fog=smog (new word) (-kef- is removed from the mid)

                 Breakfast+lunch= brunch (new word) (-eakfastl- is removed from the mid)

5. Clipping- Clipping is the process of forming new words by dropping one or more syllables from a longer word or phrase with no change in its meaning. Clipping is the shortened form of a word.

Example- motorbike=bike (new word) (-motor- is dropped)

                 refridgerator=fridge (new word) (-re- and -rator- are dropped)

6.  Coinage- Coinage is the process of forming new words by inventing a completely new name in business, commercial, technology, music, cinema, etc.

Example-Nylon, Google, Xerox, etc.

7.    Eponym- Eponym is the process of forming new words based on the name of a person or a place.

Example-Sandwich is named after the Earl of Sandwich.

                Bluetooth is named after Harald Bluetooth.

8.    Borrowing- Borrowing is the process of forming new words by borrowing a word from another language.

Example- Greek word 'pandemos' is used to form ‘pandemic’ (new word) in English.

                 ‘yoga’‘(new word from Hindi),     ‘Tycoon’ (new word from Japanese)

9.    Acronyms- Acronyms is the process of forming new words by selecting the first letter from each word from the group of words in a name or a phrase.

Example- Central Board of Secondary Education-CBSE (new word)

                 All India Radio-AIR (new word)

10. Back- Formation: Back-formation is the process of forming a new word by removing affixes from an existing oneword.

Example- Vaccinate: From the word "vaccination"

                 Televise: From the word "television"

                 Teach: From the word “teacher”

11. Reduplication: Reduplication is the process of forming new words either by doubling an entire word or part of a word. English makes use of reduplication very rarely. 

Example- Humpty- dumpty 

                Hustle- bustle

HOMONYMS

 iv.          Homonyms (same spelling and pronunciation but different meaning)

Homonyms are words that are pronounced the same and spelled the same but have different meanings. For examples-

o   ‘pen’- a holding area for animals /  a writing instrument.

o    address (to speak to)/address (location)

o    air (oxygen)/air (a lilting tune)

o    band (a musical group)/band (a ring)

o    bark (a tree’s out layer)/bark (the sound a dog makes)

o    current (up to date)/current (flow of water)

o    die (to cease living)/die (a cube marked with numbers one through six)

o    fair (equitable)/fair (beautiful)

o    kind (type)/kind (caring)

o    lie (to recline)/lie (to tell a falsehood)

o    match (to pair like items)/match (a stick for making a flame)

o    mean (average)/mean (not nice)

o    Pole (a person from Poland)/pole (a piece of metal that holds a flag)

o    pound (unit of weight)/pound (to beat)

o    ream (a pile of paper)/ream (to juice a citrus fruit)

o    rose (to have gotten up)/rose (a flower)

o    spring (a season)/spring (coiled metal)

o    tender (gentle)/tender (to pay money)

o    tire (to grow fatigued)/tire (part of a wheel)