NEW WORD FORMATION-CLIPPING

 Clipping- It is the process of word formation by dropping one or more syllables from a longer word or phrase with no change in meaning. Clippings are shortened forms of words.

 It can be done in three ways

Front Clipping-motorbike- bike (new word)

middle clipping-refrigerator= Fridge (new word)

back clipping-Gymnasium=Gym 

 

phone	telephone
bike	motorbike
burger	hamburger
cooker	pressure cooker
pen	fountain pen
plane	aeroplane
bus	omnibus
tie	neck-tie
van	caravan
pike	turnpike
mum	chrysanthemum

 

 

gym	gymnasium
cable	cablegram
pub	public house
exam	examination
specs	spectacles
veg	vegetarian
memo	memorandum
gas	gasoline
photo	photograph
cafe	cafeteria
lab	laboratory
ad	advertisement
lunch	luncheon
fan	fanatic
cab	cabriolet
zoo	zoological garden
sitcom	situation comedy
piano	pianoforte
pants	pantaloons
movie	moving picture
ag	agriculture
alum	alumna
bio	biology
auto	auto-mobile
disco	discotheque
chimp	chimpanzee
dad	daddy
fab	fabulous
mom	mommy
prep	preparatory
quad	quadrangle
frank	frankfurter
pug	pugnacious
math	mathematics
grad	graduate
limo	limousine
dorm	dormitory
sub	submarine
taxi	taxicab
teen	teenager
tux	tuxedo
typo	typographical error
co-op	cooperative
rhino	rhinoceros
stereo	stereophonics
stats	statistics
rev	revolution
cuke	cucumber
con	convict
store	storehouse
ref	referee
non-veg	non-vegetarian
vet	veterinary surgeon
sis	sister
vibes	vibrations
ID	identification

 

 

fridge	refrigerator
flu	influenza
script (for medicine)	Prescription

NEW WORD FORMATION-BLENDING

 Blending

It is the process of word formation by merging two or more words into one.

1.      education + entertainment=edutainment,

2.     picture + element= pixel 

3.     oxygene + acide= oxide

4.    breakfast and lunch= brunch

5.     smoke+ fog= Smog,

6.    teleprinter + exchange → telex

7.     Red Bull + margarita → bullgarita

8.    fan + magazine → fanzine

9.    adorable + dork → adorkable

10. picture + dictionary → Pictionary

11.   binary + unit → bit

12.  beautiful + delicious → beaulicious

13.  breath + analyzer = breathalyzer

14. motor + hotel = motel

15.  motor + camp = mocamp

16. science + fiction = sci-fi 

17.  binary + digit = bit 

18. guess + estimate = guesstimate

19. fan + magazine = fanzine 

20.helicopter + airport = heliport 

21.  internal + communication = intercom 

22. slang + language = slanguage

23. aqua + aerobics = aquarobics 

24. entrepreneur + porn = entreporneur

25. boat + hotel = boatel

26.breakfast + lunch = brunch

27. modulator + demodulator = modem

28.smoke + fog = smog

29.Spanish + English = Spanglish

30.   ability + skill = askillity 

31.  departure + start = destarture 

32. enforcement + farce = enfarcement

33. alcohol + holiday = alcoholiday 

34. lithe + slimy = slithy 

35.  American + Indian = Amerind 

36.   car + barbecue = carbecue

37.  agitation+ propaganda= agitprop

38.   bat+mash=bash

39.   biography+picture=biopic

40.     breath+ analyzer= Breathalyzer

41. clap+crash=clash

42. documentary+drama= docudrama

NEW WORD FORMATION-COMPOUNDING

Compounding- It is the process of word formation by combining two words to form a new word.

1.      lockdown = lock + down

2.     greenhouse = green + house

3.     post-pandemic = post + pandemic

4.    farmland = farm + land

5.     peatlands = peat + land

6.    public-health = public + health

7.     low-carbon = low + carbon

8.    coronavirus = corona + virus

9.    ecosystems = eco + system

10. biodiversity = bio + diversity

11.   atmosphere = atmos + sphere

12.  biosphere = bios + sphere

13.  lithosphere = litho + sphere

14. cryosphere = cryo + sphere

15.  Book+case= bookcase

16. Door+knob= doorknob,

17.  Finger+print= fingerprint,

18. Sun+burn= sunburn

19. Text+book= textbook

20.Wall+paper=wallpaper

21.  Waste+basket=wastebasket

22. Water+bed=waterbed

23. Good+looking= good-looking

24. Low+paid= low-paid)

25. Fast+food= fast-food

There are different types of compound words 

1. Noun + noun 
• Examples: master-piece, table-cloth, maid-servant, bread-winner, shoe-maker etc. 
2. Noun + gerund 
• Examples: wool-gathering, snake-charming, bull-baiting, sooth-saying etc. 
3. Noun + adjective 
• Examples: court-martial, knight-errant 
4. Gerund + noun 
• Examples: piping-hot, walking-stick, drawing-room, laughing-stock, skipping-rope etc. 
5. Adverb + noun 
• Examples: out-patient, over-load, fore-sight, under-tone, in-sight etc. 
6. Verb + noun 
• Examples: dare-devil, cut-throat, break-fast, spend-thrift, pass-port etc. 
7. Adjective + noun 
• Examples: short-hand, free-thinker, lay-man, hard-ware, strong-hold etc. 
8. Present participle + noun 
• Examples: humming-bird, flying-fish, loving-kindness etc. 
9. Pronoun + noun 
• Examples: he-goat 
10. Possessive noun + noun (In this case, the apostrophe is usually omitted) 
• Examples: sportsman, craftsman, statesman, hair’s-breadth, stone’s-throw 

NEW WORDS FORMATION

New Word Formation

Vocabulary in a language is dynamic and there is always a scope of new words. New Word Formation means introducing a completely new word in a language.

Methods of forming new words

In a language, words are formed from the existing base words. and that can be done by any of the following methods

1.      Affixation- It is the process of word formation by adding a word/words either before or end of a root word is called Affixation.

•       prefixes- adding word/words before a word.

Example- bi+cycle=bicycle (new word)

                   Anti+ Clock= Anticlock (new word)

•       suffixes- Adding a word/words at the end of a word.

Example- love+ly= lovely (new word)

Happy+ness=happiness (new word)

2.    Conversion- It is the process of word formation by converting one part of speech into another is called conversion.

Example- honest (adjective)- honesty (Noun) (new word)

Prove (verb)- Proof (Noun) (new word)

3.    Compounding- It is the process of word formation by combining two words with their own meaning to form a new word with a completely new meaning.

Example- green + house= Greenhouse (new word)

Back + ground= background (new word)

4.   Blending- It is the process of word formation by merging two or more words into one and removing few letters.

Example- smoke+fog=smog (new word)

Work + alcoholic=workaholic

5. Clipping- It is the process of word formation by dropping one or more syllables from a longer word or phrase with no change in meaning. Clipping is the shortened form of a word.

Example- motorbike=bike (new word)

Mathematics=maths (new word)

6.  Coinage- A process of new word formation that involves the creation and general use of new words through sources like commercial products, technology, music, cinema, etc. is called Coinage.

Example-Nylon

Google

7.    Eponym- The process of word formation by forming a new word based on the name of a person or a place is called eponym.

Example-Sandwich is named after the Earl of Sandwich

Bluetooth is actually named after Harald Bluetooth

8.    Borrowing- It is the process of word formation by borrowing a word from another language.

Example- 1. Greek word 'pandemos' is used to form ‘pandemic’ (new word) in English.

                  2. Latin word ‘persona’ is used to form ‘person’ (new word) in English.

9.    Acronyms- It is the process of word formation. This process of new word formation is used for a group of words in a name or a phrase. In this process, a new word is formed by selecting first letter from each word in a name or a phrase.

Example- Central Board of Secondary Education-CBSE (new word)

    All India Radio-AIR (new word)

HOMONYMS

 iv.          Homonyms (same spelling and pronunciation but different meaning)

Homonyms are words that are pronounced the same and spelled the same but have different meanings. For examples-

o   ‘pen’- a holding area for animals /  a writing instrument.

o    address (to speak to)/address (location)

o    air (oxygen)/air (a lilting tune)

o    band (a musical group)/band (a ring)

o    bark (a tree’s out layer)/bark (the sound a dog makes)

o    current (up to date)/current (flow of water)

o    die (to cease living)/die (a cube marked with numbers one through six)

o    fair (equitable)/fair (beautiful)

o    kind (type)/kind (caring)

o    lie (to recline)/lie (to tell a falsehood)

o    match (to pair like items)/match (a stick for making a flame)

o    mean (average)/mean (not nice)

o    Pole (a person from Poland)/pole (a piece of metal that holds a flag)

o    pound (unit of weight)/pound (to beat)

o    ream (a pile of paper)/ream (to juice a citrus fruit)

o    rose (to have gotten up)/rose (a flower)

o    spring (a season)/spring (coiled metal)

o    tender (gentle)/tender (to pay money)

o    tire (to grow fatigued)/tire (part of a wheel) 

HOMOPHONES-HOMONYMS-HOMOGRAPHS

 

HOMOPHONES

Homophones are two or more words that are pronounced the same but differ in meaning, origin, and often spelling. Such as new and new or meat and meet, etc.

1	accept - take in	except - other than
2	ad - advertisement	add - join, combine
3	advice - guidance	advise - recommend
4	aid - assist, assistance	aide - one who gives assistance
5	ail - to suffer poor health	ale - a beverage
6	air - atmosphere	ere – before heir - one who inherits property
7	aisle - a passage	I'll - contraction of I will isle - island
8	allusion - an indirect reference	illusion - false appearance
9	altar - table in a church	alter - to change
10	ate - past tense of eat	eight - the number 8
11	bail - to clear water	bail - release of a prisoner bale - a large bundle
12	band - a ring, something that binds	band - a group banned - prohibited
13	bare - uncovered	bear - large animal bear - support, yield
14	bases - starting points	bases - four stations on a baseball field basis - a basic principle
15	beat - to strike, overcome	beat – exhausted beet - a plant with red roots
16	blew - past tense of blow	blue - the color
17	bread - baked food item	bred - produced
18	buy - purchase	by - near, through bye - goodbye
19	capital - punishable by death	capital - chief city capitol - building where legislature meets
20	ceiling - top of a room	sealing - setting, fastening
21	cell - compartment	sell - vend
22	cent - penny coin	scent - an odor sent - past tense of send
23	cereal - breakfast food	serial - sequential
24	chews - gnaws with teeth	choose - to select
25	Chile- country in South America	chili - bean stew chilly - frosty
26	chord - musical tone	cord - rope
27	cite - quote	site – location sight - view
28	close - opposite of open	clothes - clothing
29	coarse - rough	course - path, procedure
30	complement – enhance; go together	compliment - praise
31	conduct - behavior	conduct - to lead
32	council - committee	counsel - guidance
33	creak - squeak	creek - stream of water
34	crews - gangs	cruise - ride on a boat
35	days - plural of day	daze - stun
36	dear - darling	deer- woodland animal
37	desert - to abandon	desert - dry land dessert - after-dinner treat
38	dew - morning mist	do – operate due - payable
39	die - cease to exist	dye - color
40	discreet - tactful	discrete - distinct
41	doe - female deer	dough - uncooked bread
42	dual - double	duel - battle
43	elicit - draw out	illicit - illegal
44	eminent - distinguished	imminent - soon
45	ewe - female sheep	you - second-person personal pronoun
46	eye - sight organ	I - first-person personal pronoun
47	facts - true things	fax - a document transmitted via telephone
48	fair - equal	fare - price
49	fairy - elflike creature with wings	ferry - boat
50	faze - impact	phase - stage
51	feat - achievement	feet - plural of foot
52	find - to discover	fined - charged a penalty
53	fir - type of tree	fur - animal hair
54	flea - small biting insect	flee - run
55	flew - did fly	flu - illness
56	flour - powdery, ground up grain	flower - blooming plant
57	for - on behalf of	fore – front four - three plus one
58	forth - onward	fourth - number four
59	foreword - introduction to a book	forward - advancing
60	gene - a chromosome	jean - fabric; pants
61	gorilla - big ape	guerrilla - warrior
62	grease - fat	Greece - country in Europe
63	groan - moan	grown - form of grow
64	hair - head covering	hare - rabbit-like animal
65	hall - passageway	haul - tow
66	halve - cut in two parts	have - possess
67	hay - animal food	hey - interjection to get attention
68	heal - mend	heel - back of foot
69	hear - to listen	here - at this place
70	hi - hello	high - up far
71	hoarse - croaky	horse - riding animal
72	hole - opening	whole - entire
73	holey - full of holes	holy – divine wholly - entirely
74	hoarse - rough voice	horse - animal
75	hour - sixty minutes	our - belonging to us
76	knead - massage	need - desire
77	knew - did know	new - not old
78	knight - feudal horseman	night - evening
79	knot - tied rope	not - negative
80	know - have knowledge	no - opposite of yes
81	lead - metal	led - was the leader
82	leased - past tense of lease	least - the minimum
83	lessen - make smaller	lesson - class
84	loan - lend	lone - solitary
85	made - did make	maid - servant
86	mail - postage	male - opposite of female
87	material - matter	materiel - supplies for an organization, particularly the military
88	marry - to wed	merry - very happy
89	meat - animal protein	meet - encounter
90	mince - to chop finely	mints - type of sweet
91	morning - a.m.	mourning - remember the dead
92	none - not any	nun - woman who takes special vows
93	oar - boat paddle	or – otherwise ore - mineral
94	oh - expression of surprise or awe	owe - be obligated
95	one - single	won - did win
96	overdo - do too much	overdue - past due date
97	pail - bucket	pale - not bright
98	pain - hurt	pane - window glass
99	peace - calm	piece - segment
100	peak – highest point	peek - glance
101	patience - being willing to wait	patients - person treated in a hospital or by a doctor
102	pear - a type of fruit	pair - two (usually matching)
103	plain - ordinary	plane - flight machine plane; flat surface
104	pole - post	poll - survey
105	poor - not rich	pour - make flow
106	pray - implore God	prey - quarry
107	principal - most important	principle - belief
108	rain – water from sky	rein - bridle
109	rap - tap	wrap - drape around
110	read - past tense of the verb to read	red - color
111	real - factual	reel - roll
112	right - correct; not left	write - scribble
113	ring - encircle	wring - squeeze
114	road - street	rode - past tense of ride
115	role - function	roll - rotate
116	rose - flower	rows - lines
117	sail - move by wind power	sale - bargain price
118	scene - landscape	seen - viewed
119	sea - ocean segment	see - observe with eyes
120	seam - joining edge	seem - appear
121	sew - connect with thread	so - as a result sow - plant
122	soar - ascend	sore - hurt place
123	sole - single	soul - essence
124	son - male child	sun - the star that lights the solar system
125	some - a few	sum - amount
126	stair - step	stare - to look at steadily
127	steal - swipe	steel - alloy
128	suite - large room in a hotel	sweet - the opposite of sour
129	tail - animal’s appendage	tale - story
130	their - belonging to them	there - at that place they’re - they are
131	threw - past tense of throw	through - passing from one place to another
132	to - toward	too – also two - the number 2
133	toe - foot appendage	tow - pull along
134	vary - differ	very - wail - howl
35	wail - howl	whale - huge sea mammal
136	waist - area below ribs	waste - squander
137	wait – kill time	weight - measurable load
138	war - battle	wore - did wear
139	warn - caution	worn - used
140	way - path	weigh - measure mass
141	we - us	wee - tiny
142	weak - not strong	week - seven days
143	wear - to don attire	where - question word
144	weather - climate	whether - if
145	which - that	witch - sorcerer
146	wood – material  coming from trees	would - conditional auxiliary
147	your - belonging to you	you’re - you are

Some more examples with sentences-

 

Fort – Fought

• Just the three of you going to be holding the fort tonight.
• He fought many battles.

Foul – Fowl

• There was a foul smell all around.
• Fowl was also mentioned in the menu card.

Groan – Grown

• His jokes make all groan rather than laugh.
• He had been a grown man now.

Holy – Wholly

• We pray to our holy books and rivers too.
• The disaster was wholly unavoidable.

Hour – Our

• The interview lasted half an hour.
• We showed them some of our photographs.

I – Eye

• I moved to Delhi for my Ph.D.
• Ow! I’ve got something in my eye!

Know – No

• The teacher wants to know the reason for getting fewer marks.
• You have no chic, now.

Links – Lynx

• We have no links with robbers.
• They may watch like lynx.

Mail – Male

• The principal received hundreds of mail after receiving an award.
• Many women earn less than their male colleagues.

Meet – Meat

• She wanted to meet you only once.
• I gave up eating meat a few months ago.

Peace – Piece

• I wish for peace in my life.
• I need a piece of chalk to write on the board.

Right – Write

• Keep on the right side of the road.
• She had to write the minutes of the meeting.

Scene – Seen

• The police soon arrived at the scene of the crime.
• Stars could not be seen in daylight due to the brightness of the sun.

Than – Then

• Teddy looks cuter than any other toy.
• I wish I had known then what I know now.

Weak – Week

• She is still weak after her illness.
• He comes to see us once a week.

Homographs

Homographs, meanwhile, are words that have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation.

Address – Address

• I can give you the address of my Principal.
• I cannot address such a big audience..

Band – Band

• The band was playing classical songs.
• She always ties her hair back in a band.

Bat – Bat

• The bats usually hang inverted from the roof.
• I gifted a new costly cricket bat to my young brother.

Match – Match

• Do not strike a match at the petrol pump..
• Her fingerprints match those found at the scene of the crime.

Mean – Mean

• What does this sentence mean?
• He needed to find a mean between frankness and rudeness.

Right – Right

• You must turn right to reach the University.
• I’m sure I’m right.
• Freedom of speech is my right.

Ring – Ring

• I will wear my new ring in my right hand.
• The children sat on the floor in a ring.

Rock – Rock

• My sister became a part of a rock band while in college.
• The path was blocked by a 500 feet of solid rock.

Rose – Rose

• She has a rose garden.
• Sales rose by 20% over the Christmas period.

Spring – Spring

• I’m sorry to spring it on you, but I’ve been offered another job.
• He was born in the spring of 1944.

Stalk – Stalk

• He ate the apple, stalk and all.
• Snatching up my bag, I stalk out of the hotel room.

Well – Well

• The party was very well organized.
• My pet cat fell down into a well.

Clip – Clip

• I need few clips from your documentary.
• The clothes are held on with a metal clip.

Date – Date

• The date on the letter should be mentioned clearly.
• I don’t like to date with him.

Drop – Drop

• The apples are beginning to drop from the trees.
• A single drop of water is precious.

Fly – Fly

• A fly was buzzing against the window.
• Let’s fly a kite.

Letter – Letter

• I finished the letter to PM.
• One letter is wrong in the word written on the paper.

Palm – Palm

• He held the bird gently in the palm of his hand.
• The coconut palm is a native of Malaysia.

Park – Park

• We went for a walk in the park.
• Our colony has a big ground to park the cars.

Point – Point

• My Point is very clear in this matter..
• Everything seemed to point in one direction.

Ruler – Ruler

• I have a 12-inch ruler.
• Raja Vikramaditya was a great ruler.

Saw – Saw

• I demanded a saw to cut the log. 
• Last night, I saw a lovely girl.

Ship – Ship

• There are two restaurants on board ship.
• The company refused to ship the consignment.

Sink – Sink

• The ships sink to the bottom of the sea.
• I felt chained to the kitchen sink.

Tie – Tie

• She tied her hair into a ponytail.
• I wear a shirt and tie at work.

Trip – Trip

• We went on a trip to the mountains.
• Someone will trip over that cable.

Wave – Wave

• Huge waves were breaking on the shore.
• I wave back to my little daughter with a smile.

Cool – Cool

• She swam out into the cool water.
• She is really a cool bosss.

Duck – Duck

• Every afternoon they went to the park to feed the duck.
• He had to duck as he came through the door.

Fall – Fall

• The leaves were starting to fall during winter.
• The area is beautiful in the fall.

File – File

• Every file  must have a subject on it.
• We began to file out into the car park.

Foot – Foot

• My foot hurts.
• Finally after three hours, we reached to the foot of the hill.

Left – Left

• Look left and right before you cross the road.
• The plane left for Mumbai last night.

Nail – Nail

• The key was hanging on a nail.
• I’ve long nail.

Watch – Watch

• I cannot watch TV every night. 
• I glanced at my watch.

Can – Can

• I can speak Hindi fluently.

I drank a can of Country derink.